[from Black's Guide, c.1888]

NATURAL FEATURES.

The Isle of Man lies about midway between Cumberland and Ireland; its N. point, the Point of Ayre, is somewhat nearer to Scotland than the Calf is to Anglesea, The actual distances are these :- Whitehaven (Cumberland), E. by N., 31 m. from Maughold ; Barrow Head (Cumberland), N.N.E., 18 m. from the Point of Ayre ; Lough Strangford (Down), N.W. by W., 27 m. from Peel ; Holyhead (Anglesea), S.S.W., 45 m. from the Calf of Man. From Ardglass, N.W. by N., to the Calf, 31 m.

The centre of the Island is in N. lat. 54.15° , and W. long. 4.30° ; its local time is therefore 18 minutes later than that of Greenwich, which is kept by the railways and steamers, churches, etc. From the Point of Ayre to the Calf Sound, the distance is 33½ m.; from Banks Howe to Ballanayre, N. of Peel, 124 m.

The north of the Island is an unbroken plain, while the central and southern parts are mountainous, with levels of less extent about Castletown. From near Kirk Michael on the N.W. to the sandy "Broughs"near Ramsey on the N.E., the coast is low and its outline almost unbroken by any inlet; while from Maughold Head there is on the S.E., S, and W. sides, especially on the two last, a succession of bold rocky headlands, and on the s.W. and S. are many detached rocks and islets, with several deep indentations.

The northern plain, quite level except for a few gentle undulations, is sharply defined by the road from Ramsey to Kirk Michael, which is parallel to the Manx Northern Railway, as well as to the river Sulby from the village to Ramsey Bay. To the south of this line the mountains rise abruptly.

The high-land region is divided from W. to E. into two unequal portions by the valley of the Neb, the central valley which extends to the sea near Peel, and the valley of the river Baldwin and the Glas, whose sources are in the slopes of Clagh Ouyr, Pen-y-Phot, and Garraghan. The Glas and the Dhoo unite near Port-e- Chee and flow through Douglas into the bay. In this line, which is about 10 m. long, are both the high road from Douglas to Peel and the Isle of Man Railway.

The northern portion of this mountainous region is divided from N. to S. by the valley of the Sulby (Glen Mooar). This river, the largest in the Island, rises in the ridge which extends from Injebreck to Pen-y-Phot, flows through Glen Mooar, and when it reaches the village turns at a right angle eastward towards the sea.

The southern portion of this high-land region is also divided from N. to S. by a depression about 8 m, in length, from St. J ohn's to Castletown, being the valley of Foxdale and the river Silverburn.

Thus it may be convenient to regard the surface as consisting of these four portions.

The highest ridges stretch generally from N.E. to S.W. This is very conspicuous in the ridge terminated by Snaefell and North Barrule, including Clagh Ouyr. Also in a series of high points among which are Slieu Curn, Fraughane, Sartfell, Colden, Reay, and Greeba — from Glen Mooar to Rockmount near St. J ohn's. Then on the 4. side of the valley of the Neb its S.W. direction is resumed from Slieu Whallin to Bradda Head.

Other ranges branch off from these towards the S.E. : one, including Slieu Lhean and Slieu Ouyr, terminates at the Dhoon ; another, ending in Clay Head, includes Slieu Ree and Slieu Meayl. There are various ranges of hills between Peel and Douglas, which form a sort of table- land; Greeba is very conspicuous on the N. side of this depression, and Slieu Chiarn on the S. of it. Another line ranges from 8. Barrule to Cronk-ny-Irey-Lhaa, terminating in the grand heights of Bradda Head. The Mull Hills and Calf Islet form the S.W., and the curious peninsula Langness the S.E. extremity of the Island.

CLIMATE,

The climate is remarkably exempt from excess either of heat or cold; also for the rarity of thunder-storms. Snow lies occasionally on the mountains, but seldom elsewhere. There are many overcast and rainy days, but the total rainfall is far less than that of the opposite Cum- brian coast. The air is never stagnant ; it gives a perpetual sense of freshness, and is elastic and bracing in thehighest degree ; and no climate can be imagined more exhilarating than that of Man in the early summer, when, to use a Manxman's figure "Mona puts on her wedding- garment.�

Observations made during 25 years at the lighthouses of the Point of Ayre and the Calf of Man show the average temperature to be 48°789° F.= 9°27°C. The difference between the summer and winter averages was less than 14°. At the same places, during 21 years, the greatest heat at 9 a.M. was 73°; the average of the hottest days, 66°7°; and at 9 P.M. nearly 64°-”a difference between night and day of less than 3°. | Tables compiled as long ago as 1847 by Professor Dove of Berlin give as the annual mean, 49°84°; the mean of the coldest, 40°52°; the difference between summer and winter, 17°31°. Tables kept at Ballasalla, 1854-1860, by the late James Burnam, F.R.A.S., give the following mean -Summer, 56°17°; Autumn, 49°97°; Winter, 40°9° ; Spring, 44°7°. The annual rainfall, 30°2 inches.

During 21 recent years the coldest day was 27° at 9 A.M.; the mean of the coldest days about 32°; at 9 P.M, slightly warmer.

The uniformity of the temperature is more striking | when compared with other places in about the same lati- tude. At York the extremes have a range of about 30°; Antrim, 29°; Prussia, 33°; Poland, 43°; North America, E. side, 75°.

The winter temperature of Montpellier, in the south of France, although 11° S. of Man, is only 1° warmer. Rhodes, 12° S., is 9° colder. Professor Dove's tables show that there is not another place on the same parallel of latitude which has so high a mean annual temperature as Man.

The climate is highly beneficial to the dyspeptic and those who are merely enfeebled, either by residing in the tropics or a vitiated atmosphere. In the early stages of consumption its invigorating influence has aided in eradi- cating that and many other disorders; but in the more advanced state of that disease it is not a desirable resi- dence. Children are found to gain permanent strength and energy.

GEOLOGY.

The geological formations of the Island are mainly three of the Paleozoic -(1) the Cambrian, which occu- pies three-fourths of the surface; (2) the Devonian, Old Red Sandstone and Conglomerate in patches; (8) the Lower Carboniferous slightly, and the middle part of that formation more fully. After these a gap occurs, followed by the drift. Erratic boulders and clay deposits abound, forming, in Mr. Cumming's opinion, “ the finest development of the boulder series in Britain.�

The northern plain is entirely alluvial, reaching to the sandy cliffs or “ Broughs� of the W., N., and E. shores : in several places near Ramsey these rise about 100 ft. and at Point Cranstal 200 ft. above the beach. The low rounded hills of boulder clay in this and other parts are doubtless due to waves and currents, laden probably with icebergs bearing strangely varied fragments of foreign rocks, which we often find deposited in strange places in a very erratic fashion. The Bahama and King William's Banks, each about 6 m. from the shore, and the Point of Ayre Bank, have a similar surface, thus indicating a similar mode of formation.

Partly by degradation, partly by importation of foreign material, a bed of drift gravel has been deposited here - and in many other parts of the Island; in the midst of that which forms the N. plain is a great hollow, called the Curragh; the insular fen district which has been compared to "a lake fringed round with drift gravel;" it stretches three or four miles E. of Ballaugh ; a line from Jurby to Andreas forms its N. boundary. Here were formerly several lakes, one called Mirescogh is often mentioned in old documents ; and in Speed's Map 1595 the river Sulby is shown as flowing into a lake. The word Ballaugh records the fact that the lake once was close to the village; and there is a tradition that the Sulby flowed northwards into the Lhane Mooar. In this Curragh were found the bones of the gigantic elk, Megaceros Hibernicus, now in the Edinburgh University Museum. - Turf or peat is in some places 30 or 40 ft. thick ; beneath the peat, a bed of gray sand lies upon white shell marl, fibrous and laminar ; in this were many bones of the Megaceros, the deepest the most perfect ; above these, trunks of trees, some standing as they grew, abounded, as well as celts, stone axes, and other relics of the primitive race of people. The former existence of lakes near Ramsey is recorded in many local names, Lough Malar, Lough-ny-Guiy, etc. A low line of rounded hills extends from Blue Head to Point Cranstal, also called Shellac Point. This point, which is about 200 ft. high, forms the N, limit of Ramsey Bay,

Here are concreted masses looking like stalactites and stalagnites, piled at the base of every opening in the cliff.

They are compact, even sonorous, and were formed by the trickling of muddy, perhaps calcareous infiltrations among the beds of the boulder clay. Many cavities in this cliff are filled with fine sand, containing fossils mostly in fragments ; but in the clay there are fusus antiquus and cyprina islandica. Boulders of very varied size and character are dispersed throughout the entire mass.

A summary of the above is shown in a section from Jurby to near Ravensdale: a bed of erratic blocks overlies the base of the mountains ; upon this lie the Curragh and the fresh-water marl pits. Glen Wyllin, near Bishops- court, is a valley of denudation, with terraces of alluvium. Boulders of limestone are continually being detached from the clay in which they are imbedded, from Jurby Point to Kirk Michael, where the cliffs rise above the beach from 50 to 150 ft.

Passing by rail from Kirk Michael to Ramsey the mountainous region is shown in strong contrast with the N. plain, in the beautiful series of peaks, domes, and ridges, with their valleys of denudation forming the Glens Mooar, Aldyn, and Ballure.

The schists, judged to be Lower Silurian, are generally destitute of slaty cleavage. Among them are occasional protrusions of granitic bosses, which lie in a broken line from S.W. to N.E. of the mass of schists; the two spots where these are best shown are in the quarries near the Dhoon, and at 8. Barrule. Others place these as Cambrian.

Where the schists and sedimentary deposits are in con- tact with the igneous rocks, there is the usual metamor- phosed condition: the transition from the mica-schist into clay-schists, etc. At Spanish Head the schist is light-blue, and splits into long slabs much used in build- ing. At Fistard Head the beds are so nearly horizontal that the bifurcated stack which rises "˜like twin sugar- loaves"to a height of 150 ft. might be mistaken for limestone. At Spanish Head, where this formation 1s fully 300 ft. thick, the dip is about 15°, nearly magnetic S., the Mull Hills being possibly the summit of the dome of which these beds form a part. The various heights are here rent into chasms, some yawning to a depth of some 300 ft., large masses being occasionally detached ; probably the Bay between Spanish Head and Fistard Head has been thus formed.

Langness consists of clay-slate flanked by two dykes of greenstone ; together these form the reef called the Scraans; Old Red Conglomerate fills up the hollow.

The drift gravel has been worn away by the sea 30 or 40 ft. since the year 1622. At Perwick Bay the junction of the schist and limestone overlaid by boulder clay and drift are well shown.

The cliffs generally all the way to Maughold Head are schistose. In many places the protrusion of igneous rocks has caused great contortions, either while it was in a plastic state, or en masse when it had become hard. A specimen exists of three sharp bends in the length of a foot. The writer has one of an acute angle, from Maug- hold. These contortions are well shown at Langness, where they have been caused by the intruding igneous rocks.

It is in the schists, especially at their junction with the granite, that the metals have been deposited, as may be seen at the two chief mines, those of Laxey and Fox- dale. Mr, Cumming found a vein of sulphuret of copper at the S. extremity of the Calf; and there are in the insular statutes of the 15th century many references to mining at Bradda and other points in the 8S. It is indeed probable that Comyn, Earl of Buchan, opened mines there a century earlier, in the time of Edward I.

The formation next in geological order, the Old Red Sandstone, is most fully developed in the neighbourhood of Peel, where about 200 yards N. of the town it appears as a cliff covered only by the tertiary deposits. Boulders of limestone, often found in the sea close by, may prob- ably be the result of the denudation of the limestone which once lay above. This sandstone is very calcareous, and probably 300 ft. thick. It is used here abundantly for building. The gravelly beach a mile N. of Peel, called the White Strand, is noted for its pebbles ; madre- pores, carnelians, agates, and jasper are commonly found.

In going from Craig-Mallin, near Peel, the beds of this formation are passed in the ascending order; the upper and more calcareous contain fossils, the Favosites poly- morpha among them. Along this coast will also be observed boulders of limestone from 50 to 100 ft. above the sea-level.

The Old Red Sandstone is shown also at the mouth of the little stream, the Clavey, which flows from Lhergydhoo. In the next creek, N. of this, a protrusion of igneous rocks has both cut off the sandstone and shown how its eleva- tion has been caused. The Devonian beds are thus cut off in a line hence to Rockmount.

At the back of the garden by Rushen Abbey, the Old Red Sandstone is filled with fragments of quartz and fossils. On the Brow, near Athol Bridge, beds of red conglomerate overlie the schist. Lines and masses of quartz occur throughout the schist and slate formation ; these are well shown from Ballure to Maughold Head.

The carboniferous or mountain limestone lies above the sandstone. The great basin of this is in the S. It is abruptly terminated by a fault from Perwick Bay to Athol Bridge, where the lift is about 100 ft. Thence to Cosnahawin a line of sandstone conglomerate separates it from the schists. Langness and Searlett, the latter a basaltic mass, form its S. and S.E. boundaries, At Ballasalla a fault occurs at right angles to the line of disturbance ; the bed of the river all the way to Castletown is limestone. At the mill-dam and bridge at Ballasalla, the beds are much twisted and raised on edge. It will be found around Derby Haven, Port St. Mary, Strandhall, Ballasalla, and Castletown.

The limestone of the S. is in thick beds alternating with thinner beds of shale. . At Poolvash it is a black marble, a schistose limestone thinning out inland between the beds, trappean tuff above and below it. The denuda- tion of the uppermost has exposed this valuable marble. At the mouth of the stream are seen bosses of trap which are abundant upon it in many spots. On its surface marks of glacial incisions have been often found. This marble is extensively used for chimney-pieces, etc, and the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral were composed of a present of some cargoes by Bishop Wilson. But the ordinary magnesian limestone is very largely burned for insular farming and building uses. This is pale gray and full of the fossils (see list, p. 102) characterising the upper limestone. Much of this rock has been altered by the intrusion of voleanic rocks into what Von Buch pronounced Dolomite.

On the S.W. side of Balladoole, by the road to the shore, the Poolvash marble is brought into view; and here its fossils are especially accessible, At Strandhall, also, the horizontal beds on the shore abound in fossils ; and in this neighbourhood the dykes and irregularities are in great confusion. Here are vestiges of a submerged forest. Hatchet marks have been found on some of the stumps. Indeed from the S. of Scarlett, through Poolvash and all the way to Cosnahawin, are the traces of a violent convulsion causing cracks and elevations and the intrusion of the melted materials now constituting beds of trap and tufa, The shale is impregnated with sulphuret of iron, many of the fossils being thus well preserved.

The Stack of Scarlett is a mass of basalt, Near it are level beds of recent shells, among them Littorma rudis, l, littorea, purpura laptllus, patella vulgata, ete.

In consequence of the different hardness of the stratified rocks which dip towards the centre of Castletown Bay, the erosive action of waves and weather has given them strange forms; the fancy of one writer represents them as "uncouth faces, grinning down upon you from every nook and cranny. Gigantic noses, gaping mouths, fashioned out of the boulders and white quartz pebbles, which protrude from the red mass of the conglomerate, topped with rude wigs of hoary lichen, moss, and saxifrage, startle you on every side."!

Thus, too, have been formed many archways, caves, and chasms among these romantic rocks. One of the most striking is the arch on the W, side of Langness, Here the uprights consist of schist surmounted by coarse red conglomerate, containing large boulders. The general dip is 55° magnetic 8,

A mass of porphyritic greenstone, which probably once formed a part of Langness, lies a little N. of the lime- kilns.

What may be termed the secondary elevations of the Island, possibly somewhat raising even the central moun- tains, is a ridge of porphyritic character from Rock- mount to Cronk Urleigh. This probably lifted also Peel sandstone and the conformable limestone; and with it may be connected the great fault N.E. from Perwick Bay (at p. 98).1 Rev. J. G. Cumming.

Subsequent denudation has levelled the two sides of this fault, so that the boulder clay lies evenly upon both. It has been reasonably judged that the same denuding forces which thus eroded the limestone in the S. also exposed the granite of S. Barrule, especially as boulders of that granite are formed in the clay, but in no previous formation. There is, indeed, abundant evidence in the grooves and scratches upon the limestone, that gravel and masses of rock have thus been swept over their surface— not rolled, but driven while fixed in a mass of ice—as may now be seen in any glacial district.

The boulder clay and its accompanying loam were doubt- less the deposit on the bed of a deep sea; to these the glacial attritions largely contributed the rolled pebbles, gravel, and sand, to produce the pleistocene formation.

Further evidence of such driving of detritus is afforded by granite blocks on the western slopes of 8. Barrule ; where masses of the granite found on the E. side, 600 ft. below the summit, are also found on the western slope. In some spots, as between Peel and Kirk Michael, the boulder clay seems to have been thus swept off, and the drift deposited upon the older subjacent rock. In other — places, notably in the 8., and about Ramsey, the clay fills up hollows. Thus may the presence ‘of foreign boulders in many places be accounted for.

Many inferences lead to the conclusion that the Irish Sea was once a plain with fresh-water lakes, about which the Megaceros found his home. The forests, since sub- merged, whose vestiges remain, abounded in pine, oak, hazel, and other amentaceous trees. There is no evidence, however, of the Megaceros having survived the destruction of the forests.

The non-existence of the boreal vegetation which still remains on the Welsh, Cumbrian, and Scottish mountains, supports the theory that the lowlands of the Isle of Man were wholly submerged while the higher points of these mountains were islands in an arctic sea.

The following list of localities and their accompanying fossils are given on the authority of the late Professor Edward Forbes and the Rev. J. G. Cumming.

The creek of Ronaldsway, Strandhall, and Port St. Mary - orthis sharper, productus henisphericus, caunopora ramosa, Javosites catetes, cyathophyllum fungites; these belong to the lower limestone series, Scarlett, near the limekilns, ammonites henslowit and nautilus complanatus,

A quarter of a mile W. of the stream from Balladoole those of the Poolvash limestone - Orthis resupinata, terebratula excavata, productus striatus, and gontatites crentstria, Fossils, as a sulphuret of iron, chiefly goniatites and orthocerata, are formed only to the E. of this streamlet. Posidonia is plentiful in the black schistose limestone, Ferns and favosites gothlandica exist about 300 yards westward of it.

The large collecton of insular fossils collected by the late Dr. Cumming, with many others, especially those presented by J. E. Forbes, Esq., are now in the Museum of King William's College.

BOTANY.

Verdant as the Island is, and rich in floral beauty, it is somewhat deficient of botanical rarities; and there is a curious absence of some of our most familiar English plants. Although primroses are superabundant, there is no indigenous cowslip; with a profusion of violets, all are scentless ; the nettle tribe and other labiates are well represented, but the very familiar dead-nettle is almost unknown. We have not given a mere catalogue of plants, many of which are found everywhere ; but only such as will show the character of the insular flora.

Some of the rarest are the following - Brassica (or Sinapis) Monensis ; Pinguicula lusitanica, Euphorbia port- landica (segetalis), Scirpus savii, Scutellaria minor, Linum angustifolium, Verbascum thapsus, Campanula hederacea.

The deficiency of rare plants is accounted for upon the theory that the Island was still submerged, while the flora of Britain received large additions from the continent of which it then formed a part.

No botanical training is needed to enjoy the rich glow of colour spread over the hillsides by the vast breadth of golden ever-blooming gorse, and the purple heather, imbedded in verdure, and here and there contrasting with lichen-covered rocks; or the loveliness of every hedge enriched with roses, hawthorn, and honeysuckle. And indeed here the little Burnet-rose, often only a few inches high, attains a depth of colour and a fragrance quite unusual, In the shady seclusion of the glens, there is a special luxuriance of ferns and rock-plants. On the shores, too, many very interesting favourites abound-as sea-holly. In the fields and hedgerows there are most of the English plants common in such places -Bunium, Daucus, CEnanthe, etc., Scandix pecten, Lychnis, Hyperi- cum (dubiwm more often than perforatwm), Anagallis, especially tenella ; Spircea, Alchemilla, Scilla nutans, Rhinanthus, Pedicularis, Veronicas, Geraniums, Erodium maritimum, Primula, etc. The Malva and Althoa tribes are less abundant, and there is a lack of the larger Epilobiums. E, angustifolium, however, grows in Glen Aldyn and Sulby; tansy and wormwood on the roads across the Curragh.

The following are found in more shady and sheltered spots :- Oxalis, Anemone, Sanicula Europea ; Cotyledon umbilicus is common on every dry bank. Circcea grows near Ballure Bridge, etc., Allium ursinum on the ruins there.

On the roadsides and the tops of the broughs the hawkweeds, Hypocheris vicia, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Plantago maritimum and coronopus, Jasione, Campanula rotundifolia, Euphrasia, Gnaphalium, Sedum anglicum, and Stellate plants abound. Sedum rhodiola (near Peel), Near Ellanbane and Ballacain (Jurby) is a very luxuriant variety of Campanula rotund. Campanula hederacea is found; but C. patula or the larger species are not recorded. Chironea pulchella flourishes in several spots near Ramsey ; Ulex nanus is not plentiful and Genista seems decreasing. In more moist situations, Sparganium, Alisma, Myosotis, Scrophularia, Centranthus, Valerian, Drosera rotundifolia. Scirpus (Savii, not common) Pinguicula lusitanica, Ranun- culus flammula, lingua and aquatilis, Caltha, and the beautiful Menyanthes trifoliata abound in the Loughs, Chrysosplenium lines most of the rocky gulleys, while Sambucus edulis grow in the damp dark hollows. Samolus valerandi is recorded at Onchan Harbour.

Saponaria is not uncommon on roadsides ; Verbascum thapsus in a few spots, Reseda alba is on the roadside near Ballaugh Church ; Linum angustifolium on the cliffs above Derby Castle; Listera cordata, Viola lutea, and Empetrum nigrum on Snaefell,

On the broad dry sandy shores, such as the sandy hills near Douglas, on the N. of Ramsey, and near Peel, etc., the following abound :\u2014Sea Holly (Eryngium), Con- volvulus soldanella, Cochlearia, Salsola Kali, Cakile maritima, Statice armeria, and especially on the Ramsey Mooragh, Brassica (or Sinapis) Monensis. On these and the banks rising from them are Arenaria, Sagina, Polygala (by some considered a peculiar one), Aster tripolium, etc., while the air is scented by the Galium verum and the rich gorse. On many rocky cliffs Samphire is luxuriant ; and in crevices and on the turf above, the Sea-pink, Sea-lavender (Statice Armeria and Limonium), Sedum anglicum, Silene acaulis, maritima and coronopus, Scilla verna. Pyrethrum maritimum is found also in such situations. The Lavatera arborea, very common in a half-wild state near cottages, is truly wild on the Calf, Spanish Head, etc. | Henbane (hyoscyamus) grows around Peel Castle, at Poolvash, and Derby Haven. Lepidium (Rock Hutchinsia) is recorded at Castletown, and Orobanche major near Ramsey. The forest trees are smaller than the English, in con- sequence partly of exposure to sea winds ; the maple tribe, however, are fine, especially the sycamore. There are some fine oaks at Ballaglass and beeches at Ballakillingan ; the ash and mountain ash, the famous traditional Rowan (Pyrus), grow well. Larch, wisely planted on the steep slopes, thrives, and is very remunerative.

Appended is a list of the ferns recently found; but their localities are withheld, lest rapacious dealers, who have already exported Osmunda and others by cartloads, should devastate the Island.
Polypodium vulgare. Common polypody.
Pphegopteris. Beech Fern.
Allosurus crispus. Parsley Fern.
Polystichium aculeatum. Prickly Shield Fern.
Polystichium angulare. SoftShield Fern.
Lastrea filix mas. Male Fern.
Lastrea aemula (fenisecii). Hay-scented Fern.
Athyrium filix foemina. Lady Fern.
Asplenium ruta-muraria, Wall Rue.
Asplenium trichomanes. Maidenhair Spleenwort,
Asplenium marinum, Sea Spleenwort
Asplenium adiantum nigrum. Black Spleenwort
Adiantum capillus veneris. Maidenhair.
Osmunda regalis. Royal Fern.
Botrychium lunaria. Moonwort.
Ophioglossum vulgatum, Adder's Tongue,
Ceterach officinarum. Ceterach.
Scolopendium vulgare, Hart's Tongue.
Blechnum spicant. Hard Fern,
Pteris aquilina. Bracken.

The natural history of the Island has recently become the study of the Natural History Society, who have issued provisional lists of the mollusca, the birds, and fish, besides the above list of ferns.

The fox and the mole are not found, nor are there any venomous reptiles, though there are Manx words for them.

The tail-less variety of the domestic cat is common, although how it was introduced is unknown, Its Manx name is stubbin.

ANGLING.

Most of the rivers abound with small trout or salmon fry, but large fish are taken in the enclosed and sheltered pools. Neither pike, roach, dace, gudgeon, nor perch, are found. The Sulby, the largest stream, is the favourite resort.

In sea-fishing even the inexperienced are pretty sure to have good sport. Whiting, mackerel, gurnet, rock-cod, flounders, etc., are taken in great numbers, according to the season.

All needful information as to tackle, localities, time of day, etc., may be obtained from the boatmen.